Science in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Hard Times by Charles Dicken

The 19th century was a time of massive change socially, politically and scientifically. This time saw the rise of Imperialism and of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, seeing massive changes in the way industry was run. Also during this time the literary movements of Romanticism and Victorianism emerged. Romanticism dealt with the issues of reality versus illusion, childhood and man versus nature. The first book I will examine in this essay, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, comes from this literary period and focuses on the man versus nature theme, namely the theme of scientific development and it’s contrast to nature. The second book I will look at in this essay comes from the Victorian period of the 19th century. This period saw the rise of the Industrial Revolution and of huge social and political change. Hard Times by Charles Dickens deals with these issues very closely, focussing mainly on the rise of industry in Britain and its effects on the people of Britain. Bot h of these novels challenge the social, political and scientific developments of the 19th century, namely the advent of science and technology. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein has become almost a myth in our culture; it so deeply probes the collective cultural psyche and our fear of science and progress. â€Å"Frankenstein is our culture’s most penetrating literary analysis of the psychology of modern ‘scientific’ man, of the dangers inherent in scientific research, and the exploitation of nature and of the female implicit in a technological society† (Mellor, 1988:38). The interesting thing about Frankenstein is that there can be multiple readings of the text. It can be seen as a conservative criticism of science, a Promethean belief of the unlimited progress of science, the feminist anti-female principle angle to the story, even a religion versus science story. What I will explore through this essay is each of these readings and shed some light on this wonderful novel. â€Å"The value of Mary Shelley’s novel lies not in presenting a clear morale but encouraging the readers to make up th eir own† (members.aon.at.htm). The most obvious and well-known theory of the story of Frankenstein is that of a warning to the dangers of science: â€Å" Mary Shelley’s implicit warning against possible dangers inherent in the technological developments of modern science† (Mellor, 1988:114). Shelley was very interested in ... ... David Copperfield and Hard Times, New York: Macmillan Press. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Small, C. (1972) Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein-Tracing the Myth, Pittsburgh: University Of Pittsburgh Press. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shelley, M. (1996) Frankenstein: A Norton Critical Edition, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tambing, J. (1995) Dickens, Violence and The Modern State, London: Macmillan Press. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ashbury, M (2001) Representation of Industrialization in Dickens’ Hard Times [Online]. Available: http://www.colourpurple.com [Accessed 25th April 2005]. 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allingham, P. (2000) Charles Dickens’ Hard Times for These Times as an Industrial Novel [Online]. Available: http://www.victoriaweb.com [Accessed: 25th April 2005]. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rohrmoser, A. (2004) The Origin of a Myth: Mary Shelley's Novel Frankenstein [Online]. Available: http://membersaon.at.htm [Accessed: 25th April 2005]. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oldham, R. (2000) Charles Dickens’ Hard Times: Romantic Tragedy of Proletariat Propaganda [Online]. Available: http://www.pillowrock.com [Accessed: 25th April 2005]. 13.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frankenstein: a science-fiction novel or a scientific fiction? [Online], (2001). Available: http://gala.univ-perp.fr [Accessed: 25th April 2005].

Curriculum-based Pedagogy

Every educator across levels has their own understanding and views about curriculum and pedagogy and these may be based from personal and theoretical knowledge and from their own experiences both as a student and educator. An educator in the conduct of his or her profession in actual practice would be guided by his or her perspective on what curriculum is and should be. Curriculum studies and development had become abstract and highly theoretical and curriculum inquiry is a difficult and perplexing area of study which many educators are not comfortable with.However, the beauty of curriculum inquiry is that it enables educators to come to terms with their own beliefs and interpretation of curriculum. The exercise can be quite painful and revealing to educators as it makes them realize their biases and preconceived notion on what education should be and how lacking or adequate their approaches and philosophies are. It is in this context that I begin the process of self-reflection on my own beliefs and perspective on curriculum-based pedagogy and the theories and personalities that have influenced me as an educator.I do not intend to justify my beliefs or educational philosophies but rather I attempt to expound on what I think are effective practices and curriculum theories that I have embraced in my profession as an educator. I know that theories are not infallible and some may generate more questions and criticisms than answers but I do believe that it is still a good practice to anchor one’s beliefs in a certain theory or perspective as it provides a guide and substance to what I do as educator.In this paper, I try to make sense of my own realities and how it has affected my work and my personal life. There are two kinds of educators, those who follow curriculums strictly and those who adopt curriculums to their own realities and learning environment (Eisner, 1998). I would like to think that I belong to the latter. I had always thought of curriculum as a guide, as a framework and as an evaluative tool in how I conduct my teaching. I do not adhere to a specific curriculum nor do I force curriculum to a learning environment if it is not suited.I have nothing against those who use curriculum religiously because I have seen it to be effective in some schools however, in a diverse learning environment, one has to adopt and adjust the curriculum to meet the needs of all learners. I still see this approach as curriculum-based because I follow the instructional models that the curriculum provides; the changes I make are still based on the given curricula and basically teach the same thing and arrive at the same learning goals but in a slightly more appropriate way for my set of learners.I may not always interpret and apply the lessons and approaches provided for by the curriculum accurately, but I always see to it that every lesson is a learning experience for my students. There are different reasons for adhering to a curriculum approach, one can be an implementer, a developer or a maker and the choice would be dictated by one’s personal experience and perspective.I view education as a complete process that mirrors life and teaches students the skills and knowledge that they need to live this life. On the other hand, I also acknowledge the great impact of learner characteristics to the effectiveness of education, thus, curriculum-based pedagogy should not be viewed as a narrow and constricting approach to instruction but as a democratic and deliberate artistry that will lead to a more practical and appropriate learning process (Feden & Vogel, 2003).I know of some educators who had adhered to the curriculum they had been trained to use and apply for the longest time, they were experts in that certain curriculum and have produced learning and knowledge for their students to absorb and assimilate, but they had refused to learn anything else. I don’t blame them, comfort and familiarity is a much safer terr ain than change and innovation. At a certain point in my profession, I had also gravitated towards curriculum fidelity wherein I did everything by the book and relied on what curriculum experts deemed as true and correct and most effective.However, when one immerses oneself in the filed and puts the curriculum to practice, it is a different story. There were instances when I was left hanging and felt inadequate about my teaching even when I did everything that was asked by the curriculum, I thought I was not being a good teacher, I took me some time to realize that the curriculum I was using was not meeting the needs of my students.The curriculum was not at fault, nor was my teaching the problem, the problem was that I restricted my creativity and artistry in interpreting the guides given by the curriculum; I was not confident in my own abilities but relied on what was prescribed and suggested. The obsession with following curriculum guides, lessons and content led me to become a cu rriculum transmitter. I was focusing on what was in the book, in the unit lessons and had very few attempts at augmenting the lessons through additional research or innovative strategies.The lessons I was teaching was only based on the prescribed textbook and I followed it unit by unit even though I noticed that some units were not relevant or applicable and that some units were not in the right order of presentation. I thought I was being a good teacher by following closely what was demanded of me based on the curriculum. My principal and supervisor approved of my teaching and the system that I followed, it was in those times when curriculum was the be all and end all of pedagogy.Why would it not be, when it was assumed that the prescribed curriculum was the best and that the teaching strategies and unit lessons covered all the things that students are expected to learn? Moreover, the curriculum was designed by curriculum experts who were knowledgeable about student learning and ef fective instruction. As I gained experience as a teacher, I begun to notice things, that sometimes the content covered in the curriculum was not developmentally appropriate because students were not absorbing it, that sometimes the lessons were too long for something that was easy and sometimes it was too short for a difficult concept.It was at this point that I became more aware of my students needs and how the prescribed curriculum was not really bringing out the desired learning from the students. I started slowly, at first I felt guilty about skipping some units but then I found out that the amount of learning students gained was not affected by the skipped units.I also tried little by little to introduce new information from other books or materials and made use of different strategies in presenting the lessons and student became more interested, in the past I was labeled as a boring teacher, but when I made the changes, I became a little popular and students started greeting m e in the hallways. But I did get in trouble for those changes, my principal was alarmed at why my previously quiet classes were becoming noisy, and why were my lesson plans not in accordance with the content in the book.I was told to revert to my old teaching strategies and to continue using the prescribed textbook only. And as I was an obedient teacher then, I did as I was told, however the seed was planted. I was wondering whether other schools followed the curriculum closely and whether there was some other way of teaching the same content. This is when I decided to find answers to my questions and I pursued higher education to augment my knowledge and understanding of educational practices and curriculum. I guess I have gone back to school full of idealism and the hope of finding the answers to my questions.When I went back to school I was eager to prove my supervisors wrong and that I was correct. It was only when I had started reading the course materials and the papers given to us in class did I realize that curriculum-based pedagogy is more than an approach, more than a theoretical concept. At first I had difficulty reconciling the fact that there are a number of curriculums that different schools adhered to and that effectiveness is often measured in terms of student outcomes and achievement of learning goals. At best the course was an eye opener, but sadly after two courses I decided to go back to teaching full time.I thought that I could better apply my curriculum perspective in real classrooms and students than simply learning it in class. I decided to become a curriculum developer in the sense that I would try to adjust and modify the curriculum I was working with. I guess I was too adamant for my own good, because I found myself half-baked, wondering whether the strategies I was using was correct or not and not knowing how to derive feedback from my colleagues or my students on the quality of my teaching. I found myself using one strategy after a nother that often left my students confused instead of gaining understanding.I begun to read about curriculum theorists and I was enlightened by their conceptions of what curriculum should be and how it is applied in actual teaching. However, some were too theoretical for me, it was too abstract and complex that naturally I gravitated towards the theories that were more practical, more realistic and more applicable to my present reality as a teacher. But I knew that whatever practical understanding I have of those curriculum theories, I was sorely lacking in the theoretical aspect and could not distinguish one from the other.Thus, I knew I had to go back to school, this time with a more open mind and a desire to learn. In the next part of the paper, I will outline the different perspectives of the curriculum theorists and educational figures that have impacted my own professional life as an educator and how they contributed to my own conception of deliberate artistry. John Dewey and the Social Curriculum John Dewey is one of the pioneers of curriculum development and in his pedagogic creed he outlined the nature of education and what its subject content should be (Dewey,1897).I read Dewey’s creed as part of our course readings and I readily found his perspective to appeal to my own sense of educational focus. Dewey argued that children develop through social interaction and the social environment that the child is situated in. Thus, to him education should reflect the social life of the child, he pointed out that schooling should be a life itself and not as a preparation for future life (Dewey,1897). I think what Dewey was arguing was for educators to make their lessons and instructions mirror reality and actual life relationships and processes instead of some abstractions.It is very easy for us to teach mathematical concepts and relationships in algebra and trigonometry without placing those relationships in actual experiences or realities. In this cas e, the teacher should be able to make the connections between algebraic relationships to objects and concepts that are real to the student. Who would have ever thought that mathematical concepts could be used to predict the number of baseball homeruns? Math becomes more real to the student when it is explained in terms of baseball, a sport that most students play or know about and are very real to them.Dewey also said that there are two aspects of education, psychological and social, wherein the intellect and development of the child’s psychological processes serves as the starting point for which education and learning should be based (Dewey,1897). Dewey recognized that the child in the course of his or her development has the capacity to make sense of his or her social interactions and will learn from it. The sociological aspect of education is to place into context the psychological attributes of the child and to ascribe meaning to his or her capacities in relation to his or her social reality.It is important for both the psychological and sociological aspect of education to be aligned as it would benefit the child and lead to optimum learning. For example, providing psychological stimulation without social meaning will result to superficial learning while focusing on the sociological without considering the psychological would result to developmentally inappropriate content and instruction. In this respect, Dewey advocated that education for it to be effective; it should be cognizant of both the intellect and development of the child and the social environment of the child.It makes perfect sense to me that Dewey strived to communicate such practice because we now know that learning and instruction must be synchronized and aligned for effective learning to occur, but he was ahead of his time. At present, the curriculum standards of most states dictate that at a certain grade level and age, a child must be able to master and learn a set of skills and information that are appropriate for their age. However, what is problematic about these so called standards is that it does not take into account the variation of human development; some children develop faster while others appear to lag behind.On the other hand, children who do not perform at par with the given standards are labeled slow learners or have learning disability which strip them from their self-confidence and diminishes their self-worth. In an age where we know more about cognitive development than ever before, we fail at incorporating that knowledge to the social institution that is responsible for educating our children and our future. Dewey was correct when he said that education should be focus on the total development of the child or student in relation to his or her social activities.But this is easier said than done, when accountability issues and achievement scores dominate the educational system, it is very difficult to honor Dewey’s recommendations. De wey postulated a curriculum that would allow for the social development of the child, for schools to become social institutions and for educational content to become the social life of the child (Dewey,1897). In this way, the child becomes more in touch with his or her nature and the social context in which he or she engages in a daily basis and which constitutes his or her life. This would imply that lessons taught should be through the experiences of the child.For example, a kindergarten teacher who wishes to introduce her students to counting and numbers would be more effective if she uses blocks, balls or candies that children are familiar with and have come across it through their social interaction. On the other hand, it would not make sense to teach a historical event to students without connecting it to their present realities. For example, if I teach children about some ancient civilization and not connect it to the present realities in our society and culture, then I would have failed to impart to them information that had mattered and that would have shaped their own learning.In terms of curriculum content, Dewey had said that every lesson, concept and skill should be taught in the view of the social activities of the child. He had identified a number of subject matters that should be taught to children and this includes the arts, literature, language, culture and science as it encompasses the essence of human life. However, he cautioned on the mere teaching of science as an objective subject as it limits the experience of students in terms of how social lie is shaped by scientific developments.Dewey also stressed the importance of literature and language studies as the expression and cultivation of life experiences (Dewey,1897). It is important to study literature as it provides children with an unrestrictive medium of self expression as well as an understanding of the social realities of the past and the present. Language should not be taught only as a series of sounds, phonetics words or even grammar but as a form of communicating and the medium wherein knowledge is transmitted, ideas are shared and emotions are expressed.The problem with being too curriculum oriented is that we tend to rely on what is prescribed and live out our own creativity. Language instruction should first focus on the expression of experiences, the learning of grammar rules, tenses and subject-verb-agreement would then follow because the student has found that language is an effective agent of expressing ideas and experiences. In the classroom, this would mean that importance should be placed on developing students’ language skills such as speaking and then motivating them to become more effective communicators through the learning of correct grammar and pronunciation.

The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde - 2183 Words

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novel written by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1886. The novel is set in Victorian England and follows a man by the name Dr. Jekyll, a respected doctor. Dr. Jekyll is a revered man in society and has every intention of remaining that way. However, one day he goes too far with one of his experiments and he creates a draught that unleashes a split personality within him. This personality goes by the name of Mr. Hyde. Dr. Jekyll does not seek a cure at first because he enjoys having an outlet for all of his desires that are deemed unacceptable by society. Hyde commits evil deeds, such as murdering an old man and trampling a young girl, which Dr. Jekyll could never normally let himself go through with. Dr. Jekyll believes that he can remain a good, reputable man even when a part of him is doing wrong. However, he soon learns that this is impossible. Soon after, Dr. Jekyll loses control over his ability to transform into Mr. Hyde. At first, he would only change during the night. Then, he started transforming during the day as well. Dr. Jekyll finally admits that the problem is starting to get out of control. However, he cannot create a remedy any longer. Dr. Jekyll is eventually completely overtaken by Mr. Hyde and the reader does not hear from him again. In this novel, Dr. Jekyll illustrates the duality of human nature through his struggle to choose between good versus evil, societal expectations versus unacceptable desires, andShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† is a type of Gothic literature. In the beginning of the story when Stevenson is describing the lawyer, one â€Å"Mr. Utterson,† the mood is a bit dull. At first glance the reader may think that this story would be a bit boring and drab. Stevenson’s story is far from being another dull piece of British English literature. The setting and mood of this novella are more complexRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelgan ger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1440 Words   |  6 Pagescomplexity of human nature in his books, especially in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped. The former is about a lawyer named Mr. Utterson seeking out the truth of Dr. Jekyll’s very strange will. He finds out that Jekyll was transforming himself into Mr. Hyde so that he could have the freedom to do whatever he wanted no matter how evil. By the time Utterson finds all this out and findsJekyll, he is too late and Jekyll has already killed himself. The latter is about David BalfourRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1196 Words   |  5 Pageswhich do let control you? The good or evil? This was a question that Dr. Jekyll from the book, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, could not answer. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a book about a man who cannot control the two sides of himself, causing him to do terrible things and not even be aware of it. The theme of this book is good versus evil. Dr. Jekyll is fighting his evil side, known as Mr. Hyde, throughout the book. Some people believe that the book’s theme hasRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde938 Words   |  4 PagesVictorian Hopes and Fears Involving Science as Found in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde During the Victorian Era there was a great race to use science to alleviate the suffering of the ill, specifically for those patients who were suffering from ailments of the mind. While some of the methods used to diagnose and treat such afflictions would be considered barbaric in nature by today’s standards, they were considered cutting edge medical science during the time of the Victorian Era. It was also consideredRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson was published in 1886. The story is published during the Victorian era, the Victorian era was an age of repression, there was no violence, no sexual appetite, and there was no great expression or emotion. In the story, Dr. Jekyll creates a potion that turns him into Mr. Hyde, Mr. Hyde is the complete opposite of what people are in the Victorian era. At first, Dr. Jekyll is in control of Mr. Hyde, but towards t he end MrRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1505 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the latter portion of the nineteenth century, Robert Louis Stevenson published his novella, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The fin de sià ¨cle saw the rise of different thoughts and ideas surrounding science and society. These concepts and interpretations sparked the discourse surrounding the theory of degeneration; which was the concern that civilization would fall to a lower state of being. This chapter will be reading multiplex personality as a manifestation of this broader culturalRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. In the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll are wronglyRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1351 Words   |  6 PagesThe Personas of Henry Jekyll Every person is born with bright and dark personas that people moderate due to the standards of society. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Jekyll and Hyde battle for the power to stay alive in the story. As Jekyll continues to try and take over his evil persona, Hyde tries to stay alive and cause evil in the world. In our society, many people will struggle with self control and Dr. Jekyll has trouble controlling his alter ego by performing his evil pleasuresRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1326 Words   |  6 Pages The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published during the late Victorian era, but he clearly brings into question the acceptance of Victorian philosophies, especially the belief that one truth exists and that we can identify good and evil as separate entities. The names Jekyll and Hyde have become synonymous with multiple personality disorder. This novel can be examined from the natural dualism and Freud’s structural th eory of the mind. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr

Foreshadowing And Symbolism In Desirees Baby By Kate Chopin

In the short story called â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† written by Kate Chopin, the author used many different literary elements to describe and build up many characters. But two of the one that stands out the most was the foreshadowing and symbolism. These elements helped to build up Desiree Valmonde, one of the main character in the short story. First thing first is the foreshadowing, since it was the first thing most of the reader noticed. After the couple-Armand Aubigny and Desiree Valmonde- got married and got a house, â€Å"The roof came down steep and black like a cowl, reaching out beyond the wide galleries that encircled the yellow stuccoed house. Big, solemn oaks grew close to it, and their thick-leaved, far-reaching branches shadowed it like a†¦show more content†¦Furthermore in to the literary element, Chopin used symbolism to develop more on Desiree’s characteristic. The author was describing the way she dressed â€Å"Desiree had not changed the t hin white garment nor the slippers which she wore. Her hair was uncovered and the sun’s rays brought a golden gleam from its brown meshes.† (Chopin, 52) The way that Chopin is describing Desiree, it is like she is describing an angel, so pure and innocent. Everything Desiree wore was white, she was wearing a thin white dress that people usually go to sleep in. Angel always wear white. Another point was that it was sunset, which symbolized that things is about to end, this is just like her life. Earlier though, Chopin was mentioned about a stone pillar at the beginning of the story â€Å"when Monsieur in riding through the gateway of Valmonde had found her lying asleep in the shadow of the big stone pillar.† (Chopin, 48) The stone pillar represent a big marker on Desiree’s timeline. Armand drove by her and see her sleep and fell in love and got married was afterward. Before that time period, we don’t know who Desiree really is, we don’t know h er dad or what race until at the end of the story, we don’t know where she’s from or what is her origin. Chopin used this stone pillar as the starting point and then keep developing Desiree’s characteristic later on. The author used symbolism to develop Desiree’s characteristic. The authorShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Armand Aubigny s Desiree s Baby 1538 Words   |  7 PagesArmand Aubigny’s Pride in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† by Kate Chopin Through history, we have always yearned independence and equality as human beings. Undoubtedly, Kate Chopin is an extraordinary example She has landed a commendable place among American writers worthy of recognition. Born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1850, Kate was raised by strong women who taught her the value of an education. Her family gave her a revolutionary vision and a feminist personality, but it was her talented and passionate skillsRead More Symbolism in Desirees Baby by Kate Chopin Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism in Desirees Baby by Kate Chopin Desirees Baby is Kate Chopins most well-known short story and most anthologized piece of work. The story takes place in southern Louisiana and her writing reflects her Creole-French descent. Chopin begins the story with a descriptive quote, when she reached LAbri she shuddered at the first sight of it, as she always did. It was a sad looking place...Big solemn oaks grew close to it and their thick leaved, far-reaching branches shadowed it likeRead MoreSymbolism In Desirees Baby, By Kate Chopin1120 Words   |  5 Pagesare included to guide an inference. In Kate Chopins â€Å"Desirees Baby† she explores the ideas of racism and the idea that women are under men and are the cause of all problems, she also includes symbolism to portray a deeper meaning which is present in her other works. Although it is not blatantly said in the story, it can be inferred that Desiree killed herself and her baby near the end of the story. There is a sense of uncertainty yet prominent foreshadowing that this was going to happen once DesireeRead MoreKate Chopin s The Locket And Desiree s Baby1575 Words   |  7 Pages Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Locket† and â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† are two stories where heart-rending news changed main characters lives. In the beginning of the both stories love between couples is described. Desiree is happy being wife and mother to newborn male baby while in the Locket Edmond is constantly thinking about his sweetheart Octavie. Both stories touch different sides of love, which appears fortunate in the Locket, but destructive in Desiree s Baby. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†, Armand begins distancingRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby 987 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of people are compromised.† Kate Chopin’s story, â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† is a story solely of racial identity, sexism, pride and love. Throughout, there’s symbolism to indicate unequal gender functions, as well as racial prejudice. Readers become mindful of the effects love and pride has over actions, as the story fore shadows numerously. Thoroughly, analytical evidence will focus on the irony of racial identity, symbolism of sexism, pride and love. Desiree’s Baby is a short story centered directlyRead MoreEssay about Desirees Baby2009 Words   |  9 Pagesthe sex and color of a person. Kate Chopin exemplifies these roles very accurately within her story, Desiree’s Baby. In the short fiction story, Desiree’s Baby, the author Kate Chopin incorporates many motifs, symbols, and imagery to describe gender assumptions and racial roles for both men and women in the 1800s by narrating the story of an adopted mother named Desiree, with no known lineage, and her prideful husband Armand. The most notable literary devices Chopin incorporates to convey her messageRead More Analyses of Short Stories Essay examples4756 Words   |  20 Pageswith terrifying evil. I think that Goodman Brown and his wife, Faith’s names symbolize that they are good, religious people and that Goodman is making up everyone being evil in his head. I found an essay by Alexa Carlson that described the symbolism in light vs. dark, forest vs. town, nature vs. human, and fantasy vs. reality. In her paper, Essay #1: Young Goodman Brown, she states that â€Å"†¦fantasy vs. reality are employed to reinforce the idea that good and evil have been set up as strict categories

The Field Of Legal Theory Is Continually Being Refined

The field of legal theory is continually being refined through further thought, and through the process of greater collective experience. The majority of modern legal works find their roots in the Enlightenment period. The modern legal theory has developed into two main schools that deal with how the law is and does not address what the law should be; those two fields are legal positivism and legal realism. Of the two primary schools of thought, legal positivism is the more common, and it defines the law as it â€Å"is found in the actual practices or institutions of society. Two of the most notable authors of legal positivism are H.L.A. Hart and Hans Kelsen both were heavily influenced by ideas of the Enlightenment, however each had a†¦show more content†¦Even custom is not law unless it is recognized and enforced by a competent human authority.† These themes were prevalent in Hobbes’s Leviathan and influenced the entirety of positivism, most notably Hume and Kant. The influence of David Hume and Immanuel Kant is clearly evident in the writings of H.L.A. Hart and Hans Kelsen. The primary ideas of Hume that influenced Hart were that the world as it is can only be perceived and that facts and values came from different sources. Hume felt that facts were observable occurrences in the physical world and values were derived from the community. One of the most important ideas that Hume developed through the premise that the world is only perceived is that there is no cause and effect as it is only a chain of facts linked by necessity. The most significant ideas that Kant developed were the concept of synthetic a priori knowledge and that the human conscience establishes what the mind knows. These two separate ideas go well together being that Kant is developing the existence of empirical knowledge that is known before any experience, which goes handily with the conscience determining what the mind knows. The ideas of Hume and Kant will prove a sound foundation for Kelsen and Hart to build on. The work of H.L.A. Hart was most influenced by the work of David Hume. Hart defines the law as the voluntary observance of the commands of the sovereign. RatnapalaShow MoreRelated12 Years A Slave : An Accurate And Verifiable Account Of The Common Slave Experience Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pages He was subjected to the cruelty for the next twelve years while he survived as the human property of several different slave masters, He continually struggled to survive and maintain some of his dignity. Then in the 12th year of the disheartening ordeal, a chance meeting with an abolitionist from Canada he was was finally freed and is taken home. 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ABC Costing Technique Embraces the Contributory Relations of Cost

Question: Discuss about the ABC Embraces the Contributory Relations of Cost Drivers. Answer: Introduction Activity-based costing (ABC) is a costing technique used to measure the expenditure and routine of activities, assets, and cost items. Particularly, resources are allocated to tasks; then the tasks are allocated to cost canters by their use. ABC embraces the contributory relations of cost drivers to tasks. Subsequently, ABM (Activity-based management) is a method that concentrates in managing tasks routinely with the aim to improve the significance that consumers realize and yields from the provision of this value. ABM embraces the examination of cost drivers, task inspection, and measuring of performance; this technique draws on ABC as its main data source. By the use of ABC data, ABM concentrates on redirecting and improving the application of resources to add the worth produced for consumers even other interested parties. In the current competitive world, entities need a dependable cost method and appropriate cost information to endure. By the use of an ABC, technique administrators will acquire perfect information on the actual cost of manufacturing products, the cost of services offered, the cost incurred in processes, activity costs, the cost of distribution channels, cost of maintaining consumer segments, contract costs, and the cost of projects. These rely upon o the examination of system costs the design of ABC and its implementation and the continuous improvement of the system. ABM installation is aimed at improving efficiency, reducing expenditure and asset employment. The system can enhance the competence of organization's resources by decreasing machine downtime, elimination of defective activities absolutely, processes and enhance the effectiveness of the company's resources. Gains from established ABM are determined by a decrease in costs, increase in revenues in the course of better resource employment and cost evasion. Literature Review Particular applications of ABM in companies today incorporate attribute analysis, making strategic decisions, benchmarking, analysis of operations, productivity/price analysis, and process enhancement. ABC/ABM systems apply numerous attributes for a particular cost. The attribute allows an entity to conduct examination on diverse dimensions of an administrative problem applying the similar essential storage of data. According to (Bjornenak Falconer, 2002: 504),the move from ABC to assess the profitability of products to ABM for management control and to support decision making has been enhanced by the increased application of ABC/M in diverse types of industry, to dissimilar functions in an organization and ABC/M complementarities to latest high-profile accountancy and managerial models. ABC and ABM techniques offer a basis and the understanding for drawing better decisions relating to prices, executive, and enhancement of goods produced and services. They applied to enhance determination cost dynamics structures used in business activities. The two techniques have principles to enable managers to comprehend the product and customer productivity and business process costs, and how to develop them. ABC/ABM applications are very efficient tools for enhancing better company performance in several areas. A company can recognize the influence the two techniques i.e. ABC and ABM if correct persons access correct information for the purpose of improving performance. In the research carried out by (Jarvenpaa, 2007; AkaranyYazdifar, 2007; Askarany et al., 2007) they indicated that ABC/ABM are crucial innovations that are mostly associated with the thinking that data provided could be extremely perfect and comprehensive than the one given by conventional costing techniques. Furthermore, these methods have achieved in enhancing decision-making and intriguing control in a better way to improve the industry administration According to the study conducted by (Bescos et al., 2002; Cohen et al., 2005) it indicates that ABC/ABM techniques are motivated by the urge of increasing consumer profitability, so as to gain correct and significant cost data for price determination or budgeting, to update cost systems, develop expenditure control and advance company processes, to achieve the current administrative requirements, to develop product effectiveness. Though the performance process has also limitations and has setbacks including resistance to change in companies; lack of proof in costs of achievement and implementation risks; nonexistence of technical knowledge required to successfully implement the techniques; the unwillingness of staff or management; lack of assurance about top management support; complexity in identification and selection of tasks; challenges when gathering information on these systems. Apart from organizations that have adopted ABC, some entities consider ABC a prospect. The study conducted by (Bescos et al., 2002; Cohen et al., 2005, Askarany Yazdifar, 2007) found out that the key reasons for opposing the implementation of these techniques could include, contentment in the currently established cost systems, failure by management support the embraced systems and lack of attention, implementing the systems is also coupled by elevated expenditure, a lot of time and extra resources are consumed. Analysis ABC system has attracted the concern from the academic and professionals from after coming up at the end of 1980's as indicated by, Bjornenak Falconer, 2002. Towards the end of 1990's and the beginning of 2000's Bjornenak and Falconer did a study about the growth of ABC/M journal in the period of 1987 and 2000. They started their study in the year 1987, being the same year that the first journal was published on ABC/M was seen. The publication created the foundation of their as they analyzed accounting literature only on ABC/M both in functional and academic study journals. ABC and ABM have been used largely in the service sector and in the production sector. The general aim of these two techniques in service companies is identical as in production companies. Managers require very accurate information relating to goods or services costs. The basic method of activity identification, activity expenditure categories and cost centers are also applicable in service sector as well as in manufacturing. ABM consists of both cost and process elements. The cost element puts forward cost information relating to resources, objects and cost elements of concern. The rationale of element is putting in place the precision of product costing, services costs and other cost elements. While, the intention of process element is presenting information relating to activities done in the organization, the reasons these activities are done and how better they are carried out. The discouraging truth about Activity Based Costing is that the implementation success is below the exp ected rate because there is a lot of failure due to poor motivation in the progress of implementation. This is as a result of poor planning and lack of initiation from the involved department. On the other hand over usage of ABC information compromises the credibility of the system While analyzing the empirical literature, we still have interested parties in ABC in the last few years supported by the publications. This sequence of publishing is coupled greatly by studies of accounting field Furthermore, from particularly consultancy firms. Research by these professionals embrace the idea that ABC encourages rationality, competence, and eventual productivity as per the study of (CarwinBouwman, 2002; JonesDugdale, 2002; Cohen et al., 2005; HooperMajor, 2007); some researchers indicated that ABC embraces value attracting effects the decisions on prices and revenue performance, ABC system enhances better pricing of goods, consumers, and markets; ABC eliminates less significant competitor pricing while in the decision making process as indicated by the study conducted by (Lere, 2000; Maiga Jacobs, 2003; Cardinaels et al, 2004) while some researchers considered that ABC technique permitted consumer satisfaction, consumer and company productivity examination as indica ted by the research done by (Helgesen, 2007, KuchtaTroska, 2007 and Namazi 2009). In addition to the positive and promotional information, some of the authors aren't convinced on the effectiveness of ABC cost scheme. This was concluded by the studies carried out by (DoschWilson, 2007; DeWayneRoberts, 2007; Stratton et al., 2009). As much as the benefits of ABC and ABM modern systems are evident, the successful application remains the constraint to achieving the benefits resulting from these management techniques. This happens partly because of debates raised that managerial accounting doesn't have qualities of its own and it's just a tool, and not an important element in the decision-making process, this concurs with the study conducted by (Loft, 1995; Granlund Lukka, 1998). Sector issues, such as those of globalized market competitions and variable macro-economic environment are rescuers of internal data accounting, as businesses aim at finding any benefits, however insignificant they are. Until when management accounting worth is categorically established, the value of the two techniques may not be realized. The core challenges organizations encounter in the process of implementing ABC differs the study of Brierley et al (2008) established that, other than Activity Based Cost adopters and those supporting implementation of the technique, some entities embraced ABC and consequently neglected it; studied ABC then discarded it; discarded ABC and in no way investigated the potential application; by no means thought of using ABC and lastly discarded ABC but put in place a system of conducting activity analysis. This is because management considers existing management accounting techniques to be functioning efficiently, expanding businesses are not geared up for ABC, as they consider the system taking a lot of time and resources to implement, individuals that don't work in the accounting department would not comprehend the system and making it impossible to recognize the benefits of the system. The study of (AlMaryani, M.A.H., and Sadik, H.H., 2012) concluded that the fact that entities, in general, make few resolutions devoid of examining costs objectively, perfect information on the costs is vital to the achievement of the majority of entities. The product types sold and wherever they are sold, and the manner in which the products are created and produced are distinctive undertakings that involve the examination of expenses. Applying inaccurate cost information, conversely, the decisions made by organizations will be wrong decisions and can hamper the performance and competitiveness. Regrettably, conventional cost techniques that allocate operational and variable costs of activities by direct expenditure including materials and labor costs can yield wrong information. Conventional cost systems apportion overhead expenditure of indirect tasks based on convention, instead of how expenses are in reality generated and this becomes the major problem. As a consequence, the expe nses of goods and services do not symbolize the demands by the product or service on the company funds. On the centrally, ABC technique provides additional perfect cost information as a result of assigning costs to objects that create the expenses and subsequently apportioning costs starting with the activities then products or services. In contrast with conventional cost methods, ABC concludes that activities lead to expenditure, unlike goods or services, subsequently goods and services simply create demand for these activities. By understanding the cost of activities, entities can recognize activities with utmost potential for reducing cost in the organization. ABC gives a more significant information encouraging entities to improve in areas including getting rid of wastage from marginal activities that are unproductive or unnecessary. Familiarizing workers at every management level as regards the philosophy and technicalities of ABC system could prove a complex undertaking. Staff ought to appreciate systematically the objectives the company wants to accomplish in the course of implementing ABC including how to apply the technique in their tasks. They should be sure that ABC can be successful and it is worth the efforts exercised. To succeed over workers, each corporation requires a perfectly crafted plan including the organization culture and operating requirements. Several operational systems are supposed to be revamped to make sure that workers fully integrate ABC technique to work activities that they don't draw back to their previous practices during stress periods. The traditional accounting systems must be removed as fast as possible. Benchmarking and motivation systems need to be included in the ABC statistics. Decision-making process on the tactical level as well as the managers concerned with decision making and the procedure of establishing them time and again must be considerably changed as well. The key rationale for dismal efforts why the techniques have not succeeded is due to failure of managers in taking the implementation steps. Practically, the steps are complex to take. The challenge biggest challenge in implementing ABC lies in integrating the system into the company's financial structure and to the quality and measurement sections. Several organizations have struggled to employ ABC as a derivative system. However, ABC cannot be established if statistics have not been incorporated into the company's typical financial reporting structure. Once ABC figures are not updated, they can't be merged books of account or will not be circulated broadly since; managers regularly withdraw and go to their conventional figures. Due to this Most organizations come up with separate ABC systems, which are implemented on separate computers. The ABC models that are separate can't be incorporated into authorized financial statements because they are intricate to sustain and typically consider the accepted accounting principles. This implies the information cannot be applied to external financial reporting. Consequently, the reports rapidly will become outdated. Conclusion The focal point of ABC implementation is on correct information about the true product costs, cost of services, processes costs, the cost of organizational activities, distribution channel costs, the cost of maintaining consumer segments, contract costs, and project costs. The study of (Patiar, A., 2016) also indicated that ABM makes this cost and operating information valuable by enhancing value breakdown, cost drivers, and performance measurement to instigate, drive or maintain expansion efforts and in improving decision-making process. While the system is used in a single examination of products' overheads, ABC can create a huge difference. But once a corporation has incorporated ABC to its conventional financial systems, then Activity Based Costing information becomes the performance measure, then the system considerably changes in the manner a company's employees assume. Hence, the standard value of decisions implemented regularly will be immensely higher compared to previously implemented decisions. If it happens in this manner, you are sure the company's performance will become better. Putting in place an activity based costing system can be costly and consume a lot of time. At the same time reports of this system contains information that varies from the conventional systems. It is possible too that the information from some of these systems may not be applicable in decision making processes in the organization. Such situations include; inability of ABC to conform to standards of accounting means the data from ABC cannot be applied for external reporting. This is due to the difficulty in interpreting the ABC figures. Because the process of harmonizing the figures is difficult, the company can use a software to harmonize these figures and in integration of ABC to the system of the company. ABC/M systems improve business processes through apportionment of costs on the basis of product cost drivers or the element leading to the cost of the product. This creates a lead on which products are profitable than the rest, such that the nonperforming products can be improved. It can also be applicable in determining the products that are not valuable and optimal allocation of resources to the effective and most profitable centers. ABC can also be used in in value addition to the continuous advancement of business processes. The activity based costing system accounts for expenses in the same manner that production is done allowing businesses to better comprehend where overheads are allocated to. ABC data can examine and discover wasteful products and expenses that are not necessary such that resources can be used optimally. The system can also be used to in price harmonization of the products therefore improving the quality of the products and services generally as the details of the system are improved in general. This is due to the fact that ABC is fundamentally used to improve the available chances and determine the accrued profits of productivity initiatives and enhances accountability in the allocation of resources in the organization. Companies that have implemented ABC techniques are willing to do away with traditional systems due to the successful rollout and inspiration of the end users to make use of the ABC/M systems and information in their decision making process and cost analysis. Therefore most companies require a calculated approach I order to encourage acceptance by the users. In the event that companies take step by step approaches, to understand and measure their productivity, they will discover that they create enough revenue from a few significant customer base. Therefore, it is important for firms to focus on departmental costs and improve the workers motivation such that they increase their efforts. References AlMaryani, M.A.H. and Sadik, H.H., 2012. Strategic management accounting techniques in Romanian Companies: some survey evidence. Procedia Economics and Finance, 3, pp.387-396 Brierley G, Fryirs, K. Cullum, C, Tadaki, M., Huang, H. and Blue, B., 2013. Reading the Landscape: Integrating the theory and practice of geomorphology to develop place-based understandings of river systems. Progress in Physical Geography, 37(5), pp.601-621 Brierley, J.A., Cowan, Ch. and Drury C., "Investigating activity-based costing in manufacturing industry," Cyprus International Journal of Management, 13 (1), 2008, 21-33; Golyagina, A., and Valuckas. D 2012. Reviewing literature on rolling forecasts, benchmarking and customer profitability: a management accounting perspective (Master's thesis) Klaassen, C.D., and Amdur, M.O. eds., 1996. Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons (Vol. 5). New York: McGraw-Hill Loureno, A.G., 2013. Analyzing Cost and Profitability using Process-based ABC Namazi, M., 2016. Time-driven activity-based costing: Theory, applications, and limitations. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 9(3), p.457 Oll, C. and Borrego, ., 2010. A qualitative study of the impact of electronic journals on scholarly information behavior. Library Information Science Research, 32(3), pp.221-228 Patio, A., 2016. Costs allocation practices: Evidence of hotels in Australia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 26, pp.1-8 Santana, A., Afonso, P. and ROCHA, A., 2014. Activity Based Costing and Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing: Towards an Integrated Approach. In ICOPEV-2nd International Conference on Project Evaluation, Guimares/PT Siguenza-Guzman, L., Van den Abbeele, A., Vandewalle, J., Verhaaren, H. and Cattrysse, D., 2013. Recent evolutions in costing systems: A literature review of Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing. Review of Business and Economic Literature, 58(1), pp.34-64 Taba, M.L., 2015. Cost accounting practices in African traditional healing: a case study of Makhuduthamaga Traditional Healers (Doctoral dissertation, University of Limpopo) Taba, M.L., 2015. Cost accounting practices, in African traditional healing: a case study of Makhuduthamaga Traditional Healers (Doctoral dissertation, University of Limpopo) Yazdifar, H. and Askarany, D., 2012. A comparative study of the adoption and implementation of target costing in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand. International Journal of Production Economics, 135(1), pp.382-392

Service and Relationship Marketing Strategy-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Service and Relationship Marketing Strategy of Grace Hotel. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to prepare a flowchart for the operational activities in front stage and backstage of The Grace Hotel Sydney. It is important for all hotel service industry to have an organised flow of operations for both the front and back stage. This will help to ensure that the overall operational activities of the hotel are maintained properly and the customers are able to get the best quality of service. The report will also highlight upon significance of each stage activities within the operation of front stage and backstage of the hotel. The managerial implications of the each stage will also be highlighted. Explanation of service It is important for the grace hotel to properly manage all the operational activities within the front stage and backstage of the hotel activities. From the flowchart that is provided in the above section it is clear that all the operational activities in the front stage can be divided into 4 categories. Initially, is the stage of pre-arrival that can help to deal with all the activities of the guest that before their arrival at the hotel (Hahn et al. 2017). Guest will make enquiry about the service available and then make the reservation. After reaching the destination in Sydney airport or railway station, the hotel has arranged for the pickup service. This will ensure that the guests are able to arrive at the hotel without any trouble. After the guests arrive in the hotel, it is the duty of the hotel service personals to carry all heavy luggages for the guests. This can help to properly enter the hotel lounge and complete the next step that is registration. All the detail information of the guests is provided within the registration form. This will help the hotel management to keep a detail record of individual guest information that can be used in future for reference. After that, rooms are being allocated to the guests according to their reservation made. There are different types of rooms available within the hotel and the guest will have the option of making their choice of room according to availability. After the room allocation, keys and welcome kit are being handed to the guests and allow them to settle. During the time of stay in the hotel, the guests can avail the service of Hotel transportation that can help them to visit all the places of tourist attractions in and around of Sydney. The guests can also avail various room and guest services that may include ordering food, laundry service and also make sure of that they do not face any trouble during the time of stay (FitzPatrick et al. 2013). Finally, is the stage for the departure process. The guests have to fill up a survey form where, they provide opinion about the quality of service they received within the hotel. All payments that are due are cleared. The hotel also offers currency exchange service, which is helpful for all the guests arriving from the foreign Nations. The service persons of the hotel will carry out the luggage for the guests. The drop of service is offered, which allows the guest to reach their destination of Sydney airport or railway station. The operational activities of back office are also an important part of the overall functioning of the hotel (Mok et al. 2013). This helps to ensure that all the front stage activities within the hotel can be carried forward and the guests can get experience of the best quality service. The primary function of the backstage office is to identify the target group of customers for the hotel by using various marketing tools. After that the marketing plan for communicating with the customers are prepared. This is an important part of the promotional activities of hotel. It is also important to properly design the website of the hotel, which will allow the customers to get detailed information and also pictures of the hotel and the quality of room that is available. The website with the feature of online reservation system will help the guests to make sure of their room allocation after the time of their arrival. After the guests arrive and they provide the detailed information it is important for them to record that information in the database of the hotel that can be used in the future for further references and also make contact with the guest in future. The choices of each individual guess also need to be noted down that can help them to provide better service quality in future. Finally it is the duty of the backstage office to collect information from the survey as the guest departs from the hotel. With the help of the opinions and suggestions that are provided by the hotel, it is possible for The Grace hotel to provide better quality of service by improving upon their existing service quality. Managerial Implications At each step of the activities of backstage and front stage of the hotel, it is the duty of individual manager at their respective department to ensure not all the operational activities are carried out properly. For example at the backstage it is the duty of the marketing manager, to make proper marketing plan in order to communicate with the customers. It is the duty of the customer care manager to ensure that all the detail information is provided within the website of the hotel. It is also their duty to ensure that all the Services within the hotel are provided to the guest in order to ensure their convenience during the time of visit. Overall it is the duty of the operational manager to ensure that all the activities of front stage and backstage of the hotel are carried out properly in order to provide the best service quality to the customers (Xie et al. 2014). Conclusion Smooth operation of the activities of backstage and front page of the Grace Hotel in Sydney will help to increase the popularity of the organisation and also raise the reputation by providing the best quality service. References FitzPatrick, M., Davey, J., Muller, L. and Davey, H., 2013. Value-creating assets in tourism management: Applying marketing's service-dominant logic in the hotel industry. Tourism Management, 36, pp.86-98. Hahn, S.E., Sparks, B., Wilkins, H. and Jin, X., 2017. E-service Quality Management of a Hotel Website: A Scale and Implications for Management. Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management, (just-accepted). Mok, C., Sparks, B. and Kadampully, J., 2013. Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Xie, K.L., Zhang, Z. and Zhang, Z., 2014. The business value of online consumer reviews and management response to hotel performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 43, pp.1-12.