Purification and charcaterization of extracellular cysteine protease Article

Purification and charcaterization of extracellular cysteine protease inhibitor, ECPI2, from chlorella - Article Example First, they cultured a strain of Chlorella sp. 4533, separated the filtrate by centrifuge, and concentrated it through evaporation. After assaying the protease activity, they eluted the inhibitor and obtained two active fractions, one of which was the primary research component, ECPI-2. The active fractions of this were pooled, dialyzed and concentrated, and then the protein concentration and carbohydrate content were determined and measured. 4. Discussion of Figures and Tables. Table 1 is the purification summary for ECPI-2, providing comparison of progressively purified elements in terms of protein concentration, total and specific activity, and percentage yield from crude of each step in the purification process. This was performed to purify the inhibitor and demonstrate the increasing level of activity. The first step used a DEAE-cellulose column of 3.5x60 cm and quadrupled the specific activity. Next, after the active elements were pooled, dialyzed and concentrated, they were applied to a Sephadex S-300 column (2x130 cm) which increased specific activity by a factor of almost 5X. Finally, after another evaporator concentration, the inhibitor was applied to a 1x150 cm column of Butyl Toyopearl 650 M, again doubling the specific activity; from crude to final, activity was increased by over 40X, giving the authors evidence of purity.

Climate Change Beliefs, Scientific Literacy, and Cultural Values Essay

Climate Change Beliefs, Scientific Literacy, and Cultural Values - Essay Example Apart from these different perceptions held by various groups of people towards the notion of climate change beliefs, scientific literacy, political orientation, party identification, and cultural values, it can be noted that Kahan et al.’s hypotheses are replicated in the experiment given. A critical analysis of the data presented in the survey shows that there is overwhelming evidence that people from different cultural divide have knowledge about the existence of cultural change within their respective areas. On the aspect of whether climate change is happening or not, the results show overwhelming evidence that people from different cultural backgrounds and political divide believe that climate change is real and it is happening. From the results presented from the survey about climate change, it can be observed that more than 90 % of the participants are aware that climate change is real and it is happening. More interestingly, more than 90 % of the participants also beli eve that human beings contribute towards climate change and something can be done to minimise the impact of the problem. Many people from different places believe that the catastrophe of climate change poses a threat to their lives in the long run should the problem be left unabated. From the survey, it seems that people are fully aware of the existence of the problem of global warming. However, there are differing perceptions as to what causes it since some people believe that it is a natural phenomenon. However, from the evidence presented in the results, the majority of people represented in the survey are of the view that some form of action should be taken in order to address the growing problem rather that adopting a wait and see attitude. A closer analysis of the results shows that more than 80 % again of the participants believe that it is not a good idea to adopt a wait and see attitude since it is never

Murder and Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Murder and Media - Essay Example "They're going to show you what sells, and not necessarily what tells." The 19 seconds of baton-weilding recorded on tape said it all, as far as the general populace was concerned. Only the images got etched in the public mind, not the facts surrounding the incident. The incident was branded as another instance of wanton violence on the part of LAPD, and more than that there was clearly a racial element to it. But this is so absurd. Maybe the police beating was justifiable. Maybe there was nothing of racial bias or hatred involved the situation and the police would have done exactly the same thing even if Rodney King were a white man. Nobody bothered to cast any doubt on the media version of the event, nor bothered to look at it from an impartial frame of mind, that is, until the Washington Post journalist Lou Cannon came up a remarkable account of the whole incident in his "Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD," though only the better part of a decade after the incident. In the book, Lou Cannon lucids presents his case that the four Los Angeles Police Department officers prosecuted in 1992 for beating Rodney King were merely scapegoats for the deadly riots that took place in the Los Angeles city soon after the police officers received their not-guilty verdicts.

Peace Versus War Essay Example for Free

Peace Versus War Essay A war cannot achieve what peace can. The forces of peace can rule over ignorance and superstition, over illiteracy and immorality, over disease and physical suffering, over poverty and governmental oppression. The conquests of peace are non ­violent and bloodless. They cause no grief to humanity and do not damage life or property. War causes streams of blood and untold havoc. Only the victories of peace leave no maimed limbs or mutilated bodies, no ruined cities or scorched fields. Even a superficial glance at the course of the two world wars will tell us that their victories were gained at an incalculable cost. The triumph of the First World War proved to be of a short duration. The victory itself sowed, in fact, the seeds of the Second World War. Who knows that the victory of World War- II may also prove to be of an equally short duration and a third global war may even now be in the offing. The victories of Peace, however, are everlasting. They do not rankle in the mind of any nation and their fruits are enjoyed by all people. The victorious in war exploits the conquered people. The example is the occupation of Germany and Japan by the forces of the allied countries. If the axis powers had won the war, they would have exploited the Allies in the same, if not in a worse way. Thus, victory in war is gained at a heavy cost of life, and also implies the annexation and enslavement of many territories and the exploitation of many more. The victories of peace, on the contrary, involve no butchery of human beings and are, besides, of value to the entire world. Only peace social reforms. During war men are too busy in militaristic activities to think of social improvement. It is only during peace that a literacy campaign can be started, that the standard of living of the masses can be raised, that better houses can be built for the poor, that more schools and colleges can be opened, that prisons can be reformed, that crime can be effectively checked. Even the proper working of democracy itself is possible only in times of peace. There can be no elections, no government of the people when a country is in the throes of war. Peace promotes democracy. In short, it is during peace that a general improvement is possible in cleanliness and decency, in refinement and taste, in habits and morals, in manners and speech. In peace, too, lies the opportunity for sports, for horse-racing, skiing, tennis, cricket, football and hockey tournaments and athletic contests of all kinds. It is often said in favour of war that it brings out the best in man by creating opportunities for human beings to display their great powers of endurance, their courage, their capacity for self- sacrifice, their patriotism. This is true enough. In times of peace, people do tend to become lethargic and indolent. Too much ease begets idleness and an indifference to work. But to applaud war because it stimulates men into activity would really be preposterous. So grim are the horrors of war and so devastating its effects that no defence of it on any ground whatsoever is possible.

Fight Against Crimes And The Effect On Community Criminology Essay

Fight Against Crimes And The Effect On Community Criminology Essay To aid in the fight against crimes, community policing is a philosophy that has re-defined the police roles ,from that of serve and protect by responding to incidents and addressing criminal problems so they would be viewed as member of society who can help those in trouble and as well as persons who can be trusted. Todays police force has been focus on crime prevention through the diligent implementation of a strong neighborhood watch program. Community policing programs policies have remained active in almost all police departments in the united states. Although we might come to know such methods of policing by several different names such as neighborhood watch, block watch etc. We have acknowledged those communities who have successfully reduced and prevented crime to re-occur in their neighborhoods. These communities have successfully demonstrated that police departments can be more successful at crime analysis and problem analysis (S.A.R.A), fighting Methamphetamine usage, addressing property theft problem properties through collaborations with local institutions and neighborhoods by allocating police resources to aid communities in reducing crime and criminal disorder. These are successful community policing policies that implemented the problem solving processes to address the public safety issues in their communities. Successful Strategies to Combat Methamphetamine (Phoenix, Arizona) Public safety concerns such the production, distribution, and use of methamphetamine lead to drug use ,larceny, prostitution and theft have become chronic problems for the Arizona police agencies .To combat the ever increasing production ,use of meth(methamphetamine) in 1998, the COPS Office began funding state and local law enforcement agencies though the valley(cops). The initial grant went to Phoenix, AZ along with grants awarded to five other cities ;( Dallas, Texas; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Salt Lake City, Utah; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Little Rock, Arkansas) . The COPS grant aided the phoenix to enforcement in creating advanced technological problem solving strategies such as aggressive advertising campaigns targeted to all students in the state. These campaigns included the use of television ads, radio campaigns, YOU TUBE, face book, my space, twitter and other popular social web medias. The COPS grant allowed the phoenix police department to invest in community events and increased the participations of students, teachers, parents and local businesses. The City of Phoenix is committed to working with schools, law enforcement, neighborhoods and other local governments on the crystal meth issue, with the goal of making our community even safer (phoenix.gov). The grant allowed for the creation of a Crystal Meth Task Force. By targeting a specific problem such as the production, distribution, and use of methamphetamine (meth). The city of phoenix was able to pass legislation that allowed neighborhoods to take their communities back from drugs. By educating the community to identify and attacking the causes and conditions that lead to meth use and delinquency, finding truant kids, and work in the shop and recreational facilities the kids use. Resulting in widely accepted zero tolerance for meth consumption. Local and state partnerships were a key component in the successful funding of the meth campaigns. Also the Creation of policies addressing tough prosecution policies, increase public awareness though training and community involvement and an increased police involvement in the communities. The Phoenix department serves as successful community policing program that developed solutions to better deal with the local meth problems Developing Police collaboration in the Native American Community (Scottsdale, Arizona) The city of Scottsdale, though the collaborations with the Scottsdale Police Department and Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Police Department , established a goal to provide the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community with Indian officers within their social ranks and aided in changing the restrictive social system of the Native American community. To successfully accomplish this goal the Scottsdale Police Department along with the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Tribal Council selected young native American Indians between 16 and 20 years of age from different reservations and created the Community United in Finding Criminals (C.U.F.F.) Crime Stoppers Program. They trained them in become effective participant in the fields of drug and law enforcement and community service. The Indian participants would successfully complete a 10-week course which offered training by experienced Scottsdale police officers on crime deterrence policies. The successful implementation of this community progr am also served to deter delinquency, drug trafficking, car theft and a decrease of petty crimes which involved the Native American Community. Established in 1994, the Salt River Police Department was the first in Indian Country Law Enforcement to begin a CRIME STOPPERS PROGRAM. The program allows individuals with information about any unsolved crime to call the program 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, remain anonymous and receive cash rewards of up to $1000 for information leading to the arrest or conviction of persons who have committed a crime. Since inception, several homicides, narcotics and drug trafficking cases have been solved.(Salt River Police Department) Through the Indian community, officer aided training programs increased public awareness and the development of successful community policing strategies by local police and tribal government there exist a positive impact on the quality of life in the salt river Indian community. Shield of Confidence (Littleton, Colorado) To prevent home burglaries, a shield of confidence program established by the Littleton Police Department .The Littleton Police Department (LPD) identified and increased in burglaries and robberies of residents in predominantly Hispanic apartment communities as a significant criminal problem. The CMPD will demonstrate how the process used to respond to this problem has been successfully replicated in five additional predominantly Hispanic apartment communities. The Littleton Police Department (LPD) will discuss how it has reduced crime in areas where problem properties exist. Partnering with property owners and the City Housing Department, the LPD identified properties having the highest number of calls for service. Littleton Police Department (LPD) community program focused on its use of the SARA model and community policing -related resources to rehabilitate high crime areas. This community program allowed the property owners to identify and track incidents of home burglary. The Littleton Police Department (LPD) goal of the community intervention program was to establish a data base that ready available to the community and the burglary victims .The (LPD)used the data base to conducting home security checks and assist residents by make home improvements to deter future break-ins. The communities also establish a burglary deterrent program (Shield of Confidence) that certified homes after recommended changes from the (LPD) had been made by the home owner. This type of security check program has been used by residential building companies, business owners and one local insurance agencys to offers additional insurance premium discounts to program participants. Littleton Police Department (LPD) through information provided in Active community Problem-Oriented Policing programs attempts to actively address the needs of all crime victims through partnerships between law enforcement, community groups, businesses, and citizens. These communities have successfully demonstrated that police departments can be more successful at fighting crime through collaborations with local institutions and neighborhoods by allocating police resources to aid communities in reducing crime .These are successful community policing policies that implemented the problem solving processes to address the public safety issues in their communities. In having successful community policing policies ,these communities we able to promote local organizational strategies, which supported the police relationships and the success in establishing partnerships and implementing the problem-solving techniques, to address the communities public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and an increasing fear of becoming a victim of crime These police agencies are great examples of successful community policing program implementation: each employed the SARA model and demanded active participation from its citizens, police department and community religion based community members which included local private business no/ charities, government agencies and the local news media. There must always be an ongoing effort to reduce crime while improving the quality of life for its residents. By working with citizens, partnering with the local high school, and involving students, these type of programs become instrumental in increasing the quality of life by ultimately reducing and preventing crime in the neighborhoods. These police law agencies used problem-solving models to greatly enhance their community projects likelihood of success. Community Policing programs benefit not only police agencies that wish to adopt such policies but it also reduces their work load creates safer work environments, and allows police officers t o focus more on addressing specific types of crimes and enhance the quality of services being provided to a community and increased the necessity of the community to develop solutions to problems and increase trust in police.

The Criminal Trial Process Of England And Wales Law Essay

The Criminal Trial Process Of England And Wales Law Essay The Criminal Justice System trial process in England and Wales are operated on the basis, and can be described as an adversarial system of justice. Perhaps, I am directing my attention, the criminal trial process, how has been changed. I should begin an adversarial system, where the parties are responsible for presenting evidence before passive and neutral trial judge or jury. This differs from an inquisitorial system, which is exists most of Europe. In many jurisdictions the criminal laws can be traced the date when a new system of government was introduced bringing change to the role of government to criminal procedures in particular. The criminal law is the system of practices and possible represent justice. English criminal trials from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centurys were different from those of today. Trials were really quick, lawyers were rarely presented. After the Criminal Justice Act 2003, has made certain change to the mode of trial procedures. In highl ight for going important to address the restorative justice program, which is bring victims and offenders focus on the crime, address problems within communities. On the other side highlights the mistakes and injustices in the criminal trials. Unfortunately, it seems this would be impossible to achieve. However, miscarriages of justice occur in the criminal justice are rare and wrongful imprisonment. The creation of the Criminal Procedure Rule Committee and in 2005 the trial and pre-trial process were brought together in a new criminal procedure rule. The management of cases is a new feature of the criminal justice system, the rules more accessible and together in ones place. It is a significant step, powers of judicial case management. Before the introduction of Due Process, people accused of a crime, given private trials with no defence. The main objectives of the criminal justice process are, against all offenders who break those rules. In England and Wales the criminal justice system has evolved over the years a considerable period. There are many features of the criminal procedure followed by more detailed descriptions of policing, and prosecution criminal courts, sentencing and the panel system, and the governmental and, administrative context of criminal justice. I shall shortly identify a striking example of the benefit of a joined up to criminal trail process. The goals in England and Wales aims to reduce crime by bringing more offence to justice, and to raise public confidence that the system is fair and will deliver law for citizen. There are many advantages and disadvantages having in the criminal trial process of England and Wales. Particularly important to understand the influence of rule of law, and how these of principles shapes the way that criminal justice is defined and implemented. Must be criminal cases start in the Magistrates Court. In a year more than one million cases are heard by Magistrates, they are simply citizen, without any kind of training. The other area where, those cases are seen is in the Crown Court where juries are used, they are part of the criminal justice trial process. The system of jury trails are twelve honest citizens who offering common sense and values. Let me highlight some very important advantages of the system having juries. It gives to the public confidence and acceptance for juries decisions. It gives a person a right to be tried by lay people, who have no legal knowledge and juries do understand the situation better than qualified people, who only look at the situation, with their special knowledge, and this can be sometimes lead to a miscarriage of justice. Perhaps, it is have to avoid as humanly possible. Another example for an advantage of the criminal trial process, when the jury has a power and decide cases on their idea of fairness. Although, as we shall see for example, in R v Ponting (1984). When the civil servant leaked information to a MP on the ground of public interest, and the jury refused to convict despite the fact that, the defendant had no legal defence. In the above case, therefore, it seems the legal system more open because member of public involved and whole process takes in public. Basically the trial involved a confrontation the victim of the crime and the defendant. The defendant was expected to explain the evidence presented against them. However these procedures provided reasonable means of determining guilt and innocence, from a modern point of view this is disadvantage the defence. Shall we see now of the other end, trials without a jury. Directions are no more than matters of common sense. The cases where the judge is satisfied to the evidence of real, able to present the danger that jury tampering would take a place to it. After the reform the criminal trial has some beneficial advantages. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) it is amends the law relating to police powers, which is particularly useful in cases where computer or financial evidence may need. It has a dramatic change has been made in the role of trial judges. There was no time to inform the judges of all the details of the case. Well, it is an advantages of the trial, the judge have a time to identify the issue. I agree with that, it is highly beneficial of the trial. I would like address the defence statement and disclosure. The Act makes amendments to the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996. As we shall see it, before the reform the prosecution would provide primary disclosure to the defence, and the defence would provide a defence statement, and the prosecution in response would provide secondary disclosure. This may demonstrates the weakness of the prosecution cases. Section 8 of the Act is made to the extent the evidence disclosed by the prosecution under its duty of disclosure. However, we shall see also disadvantages of the criminal trial process, after the reforms. The prisoner right to make an application to the High Court, it is my point of view, every cases takes longer than it should be. The right source can be take time, while the jury seeking further information can be confusing for judges. There is expensive cost for all this. Although, we can see now, some disadvantages of having jury in the criminal justice process. Unqualified people may not understand the points of law. The trial process placed defendants at a disadvantage. Without the benefit of legal assistance, they had to organise their cases on their own, while in prison awaiting trial. Until the actual trial, they were unaware of the specific evidence that would be presented against them and therefore had to respond spontaneously to what the witnesses said. This was thought to be the best way of ascertaining the truth. The lawyers had a right to address the jury, and gave prisoners the right to see copies of the depositions against them. Prosecutors could also suffer under this system. They also frequently went without counsel, and judges could be sympathetic to defendants. However the prosecutors had the advantage of being able to plan their case in advance, at liberty and at their leisure. It is arguable that the criminal trial process of, on t he one hand, the rules of evidence, which is require proof at trial, but on the other hand, the party prosecution have a detrimental effect on the capacity of the system to identify the truth. Criticism of the jury system in criminal trial process has emphasised the high cost of juries to the court system. In addition the technical nature and trials difficulty for lay people to understand purportedly leads to unintentional jury nullification. In the light for going of the recent miscarriages of justice occurs not only when an innocent person is convicted but also when a guilty person is not convicted. Therefore has much to lose by cooperating to archive justice. According to my opinion from an ethical point of view should miscarriage be avoidable every possible measures should be taken to prevent those regardless of the costs involved, however I must accept that in practice this route is often not the viable one. In conclusion a jury trial is of necessity predicated on continuous and adversarial oral presentation of evidence, but such a method of determining criminal cases is time and resource intensive. Criminal trial to be heard without jury, would thus probably reduce cost, and would also enhance opportunities to deal with matters in alternative ways not subject to the same concern about admissibility and evidence, and hence possibly also increase predictability. To my mind, however the criminal justice system England and Wales, the system of jury trial depends on twelve parties and true coming to court and listening to the case. Witness who will give evidence and answers the questions, counsel speak address the jury, judges speak and give direction. The current criminal justice process, in major trials involving fraud is made available to jurors on screens, but not without difficulty. The implications of all this for the criminal justice system are important. However, in jury trial in particular the public opinion can never really be kept out of the court room. Not everyone agrees with these changes when opposition is expressed on principal, it requires attention.

Radio Waves :: physics radio wave

Radiowaves are the oscillations of magnetic waves by varying the modulation to generate different signals which can be converted into information such as sound, video, or digital communication. As these waves pass through a conductor, an alternating current is generated and this can be converted into usable information. As one could see from the picture above, radio waves are the the electromagnetic waves with wave lengthes between 1mm and 10 Mm. This converts to a frequency range of 300Ghz to 30Hz, respectively. Nearly everyone uses radio waves in some form day after day. The technologies that depend on them is vast and ever-growing. These technologies range from cordless phones and garage door openers to radar and microwave ovens. Radio is not a dead technology either. It is constantly having research devoted to it and new technologies and innovations are coming about from this research. The trend towards wireless internet and more versatile cellular phones are just some examples. Ironically, the fundamentals of radio waves is relatively simple (atleast when compared to the vast array of technologies that now implement it). Cordless phones use radio waves to allow individuals to walk around freely in their home without the need to be bound by a cord while talking over their land-based phone line. Cell phones are a miracle to modern day living. Unlike previous eras where communication was done strictly across a hard-wired telephone line, cell phones now give the freedom to those that can afford them a radio-based uplink to the rest of the world. Not only are they for voice communication, but they also allow for transmission of virtually any kind of digital data. Microwave ovens are another great invention from the 20th century. They use radio waves in a specific frequency range in which water, fat, and sugar molecules happen to absorb and convert directly into heat.